{"id":16093,"date":"2026-04-01T16:30:09","date_gmt":"2026-04-01T09:30:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mb668s.com\/cam-nang-7mb66-xoc-dia\/?p=16093"},"modified":"2026-05-22T15:54:21","modified_gmt":"2026-05-22T08:54:21","slug":"ke-toan-hang-ton-kho","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mb668s.com\/cam-nang-7mb66-xoc-dia\/tu-van-nghe-nghiep\/ke-toan-hang-ton-kho","title":{"rendered":"K\u1ebf To\u00e1n H\u00e0ng T\u1ed3n Kho L\u00e0 G\u00ec? Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p, Nghi\u1ec7p V\u1ee5 V\u00e0 L\u01b0u \u00dd Quan Tr\u1ecdng"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
H\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ebf to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1ch to\u00e1n \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u00fap doanh nghi\u1ec7p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t chi ph\u00ed, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kinh doanh. V\u1eady k\u1ebf to\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho<\/strong> bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh gi\u00e1 ra sao? B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i Th\u00f4ng t\u01b0 200\/2014\/TT-BTC v\u00e0 Chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c K\u1ebf to\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam (VAS 02).<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ed5ng quan k\u1ebf to\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho:<\/strong><\/p>\n \u2013 H\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho g\u1ed3m: nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, h\u00e0ng g\u1eedi b\u00e1n, chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1edf dang.<\/p>\n \u2013 Chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng: VAS 02 \u2013 H\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho, Th\u00f4ng t\u01b0 200\/2014\/TT-BTC.<\/p>\n \u2013 Hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ea1ch to\u00e1n: k\u00ea khai th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n \u2013 B\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh gi\u00e1 xu\u1ea5t kho ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn: FIFO, b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n gia quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00edch danh, gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n Theo Chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c K\u1ebf to\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ed1 02 (VAS 02 \u2014 Inventories), h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n trong k\u1ef3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kinh doanh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111ang trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. K\u1ebf to\u00e1n vi\u00ean (Accountant) c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ea1ch to\u00e1n. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i sai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn sai l\u1ec7ch b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 Nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (TK 152):<\/strong> V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5, nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9ng thay th\u1ebf d\u00f9ng cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 (TK 153):<\/strong> V\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi gian s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u1eafn, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ghi nh\u1eadn t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m (TK 155):<\/strong> S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp kho ch\u1edd b\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 H\u00e0ng h\u00f3a (TK 156):<\/strong> H\u00e0ng mua v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n l\u1ea1i trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 H\u00e0ng g\u1eedi \u0111i b\u00e1n (TK 157):<\/strong> H\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn doanh thu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 Chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kinh doanh d\u1edf dang (TK 154):<\/strong> Chi ph\u00ed nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chung \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang gi\u00fap k\u1ebf to\u00e1n vi\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u khi ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1eadp b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh gi\u00e1 xu\u1ea5t kho \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 v\u1ed1n h\u00e0ng b\u00e1n (Cost of Goods Sold \u2014 COGS) v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn g\u1ed9p c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Theo Th\u00f4ng t\u01b0 200\/2014\/TT-BTC, doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong su\u1ed1t ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebf to\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n thuy\u1ebft minh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n (Consistency Principle).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n gia quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 FIFO \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eeba v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n nh\u01b0 MISA SME, Fast Accounting ho\u1eb7c SAP B1 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u sai s\u00f3t so v\u1edbi t\u00ednh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng Excel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd m\u1ed9t trong hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ea1ch to\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho khi \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd thu\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ebf to\u00e1n. M\u1ed7i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 \u01b0u v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eebng quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 kinh doanh kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u1ee5c Thu\u1ebf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
2. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh gi\u00e1 xu\u1ea5t kho<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n\n
\n \nPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/th>\n \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/th>\n Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n \n Nh\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 Xu\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc (FIFO)<\/td>\n H\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00e1 v\u1ed1n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u0169<\/td>\n H\u00e0ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng: th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n B\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n gia quy\u1ec1n (Weighted Average)<\/td>\n T\u00ednh gi\u00e1 trung b\u00ecnh sau m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n nh\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef3<\/td>\n Doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n nh\u1eadp kho v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch danh (Specific Identification)<\/td>\n X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 theo t\u1eebng l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/td>\n H\u00e0ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn, \u00edt ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i: \u00f4 t\u00f4, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb (Retail Method)<\/td>\n D\u00f9ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u00e3i g\u1ed9p b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh gi\u00e1 v\u1ed1n<\/td>\n Si\u00eau th\u1ecb, chu\u1ed7i b\u00e1n l\u1ebb c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n 3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ea1ch to\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho<\/h2>\n\n\n\n